The Vietnam War sample essay

The Vietnam War Introduction The Vietnam War was certainly one of the most disastrous, bloody and brutal campaigns in the world’s recent history. The reason for the involvement of the USA in the war was that the US government wanted to prevent the spread of communism to South Vietnam. The whole thing was in a way a proxy war between the communist Soviet Union and the capitalist United States fought in the Third World country. Although, the US took immense and intense efforts to curb the proliferation of communism in South Vietnam for the sake of saving Asia that could possibly fulfill its foreign trading interests, it failed to accomplish the mission. Hence, the question arises: Why could not the US, a first echelon country with all its capitalistic power and progress, triumph over a tiny sluggishly developing Vietnam? There are several aspects that can explain the failure of the US in the Vietnam War. For the purposes of this paper, two authors offering different explanations of the US debacle in the Vie tnam War will be analyzed. One is Herbert Schandler and his book America in Vietnam: The War that could not be Won and another one is John Prados and his treatise The Hidden History of the Vietnam War. A meticulous scan of several chapters from each book shows that Schandler ultimately did a better job in explaining the causes of American fiasco in the Vietnam War. Schandler’s Arguments Herbert Schandler offers a variety of factors to explain why the US failed in Vietnam. First and foremost, he argues that America’s fighting arsenal, which included helicopters and other sophisticated weapons used by the troops, far outstripped that of the South Vietnamese army. This preponderance made the government jump to a conclusion that the war could be finished in a matter of days without any critical loss. Thus, this confidence had led the Americans to improvisation, which ultimately caused huge damage to them. Without a proper strategy, the US government was sending a great number of soldiers to Vietnam, so that by the end of 1967 there were about 500,000 combat troops deployed in the country. President Johnson had a goal to stop the spread of communism from North Vietnam to South Vietnam. Initially, he had second thoughts about sending so many troops to Vietnam, because he thought numerical superiority would be insufficient to devastate the communists. Instead, Opera tion Rolling Thunder was developed to save the lives of American troops and persuade North Vietnam to proceed to the conference table. The operation was focused on bombing the major military bases, supply stations and transportation networks of North Vietnam to make its position weak and to isolate it from South Vietnam. Although the bombing campaign inflicted an estimated $600 million worth of damage to agriculture and industry of North Vietnam, it did not accomplish the goal. Most vital supplies were quickly concealed in tunnels. Furthermore, Schandler argues that American air attacks were unrestricted in nature, which caused a random destruction effect, presumably because there was a lack of geographical knowledge of the country`s land.   After the US officials realized that air attacks would not expedite their victory, hundreds of thousands of American troops were dispatched to Vietnam, as it was mentioned earlier in the text. The original plan was that the artillery campaign would make haggard Vietnamese guerillas come out to fight on the ground, where the US forces could defeat the enemy with familiar tactics and powerful weapons.   However, the plan failed, as the American soldiers were unprepared to face the battle with Vietcong, a secret Vietnamese guerilla movement. The superiority of this group was evident. Firstly, Schandler argues that the camouflage techniques that were used in the battles by the Vietnamese gave them a significant advantage in unpredictable attacks in all possible battlefields, battle jungles and battle meadows. Secondly, Schandler opines that it was quite hard for the Americans to distinguish the Vietcong members and their movements since the group was mixed up with peaceful farmers in t he countryside. Thirdly, Schandler contends that the climate conditions in which the Vietnamese lived and felt comfortable were unbearable for the Americans. Likewise, the operations often took place in the jungles which were very hard to pass and the exhausted battalions often got bogged down in swamps and fell into the enemy’s traps, such as masked holes with spikes, hidden mines etc. The Vietnamese had control over the battle because their attacks were sudden and their presence was in many cases invisible. Besides, as Schandler maintains, the ground operations represented more of a chaotic survival than the actual fighting opposition. One more point that contributed to American failure is that there were more countries embroiled in the conflict. The US administration was afraid of the involvement of the USSR and China in the war. However, Johnson was enthusiastic about an instant defeat of North Vietnam, but it ultimately proved problematic for him and his successors. As the USSR and China were engaged in a metaphorical battle over the recognition of North Vietnam, the North Vietnamese took comfort from military and political assistance from both Moscow and Beijing. This assistance was in the form of medical supplies, vehicles, weaponry and food, which stimulated the rehabilitation of the Vietnamese forces at a rapid pace. Prados’s Arguments John Prados offers somewhat different arguments to explain the US fiasco in Vietnam. According to him, one of the crucial reasons why the Americans failed to suppress the communist movement was the lack of understanding of what they were fighting for. On the contrary, the Vietnamese, both from North and South Vietnam, were united by the same goal to get rid of suppressors and unite the country. The problem was that while some wanted to install communism on both territories, others did not want to espouse it, subscribing more eagerly to the ideas of democracy. Regular drivers used their vehicles with their navigating lights off, camouflaged with huge palm fronds and banana leaves to conceal their presence, for example while the US air forces were in the sky (Herring 415). Apart from the foreign entanglements, Prados believes   the US had to deal with the difficulties within the country. The heated debates over the Vietnam War split the nation into two groups – hawks, i.e. the ones, who supported further intervention, and â€Å"doves†, i.e. the ones, who opposed it and clamored for the withdrawal of the American troops from Vietnam. Thus, President Johnson became hostage to two polarized ideas. Furthermore, a great anti-Vietnam War movement swept across the US, which precipitated the establishment of the so-called â€Å"tech-ins†, where university lecturers refuted the rationale for Vietnam intervention. The well-known and socially powerful figures holding dovish views generated heated debates within the society. The most prominent among them were Martin Luther King and Muhammad Ali. The mass discontent within the American society reached its peak in 1967 when the demonstrations sprang up regularly in the vicinity of the White Ho use and the Pentagon. The latter one repeatedly saw as many as 50,000 protestors. Less and less people in the US believed in the domino theory, which assumes that if one country accepts communism the neighboring ones are prone to do the same. Consequently, the overwhelming majority of the Americans saw the Vietnam War as an imprudent waste of human resources, money and an unethical move towards the Vietnamese nation. Another concomitant reason for the American failure in Vietnam lies in the ruling apparatus, according to Prados. During the years of the Vietnam War there were five presidents in the US: Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford. Although the first four of them surely supported the policy of stopping communism in Southeast Asia, the change in leadership never contributed to the achievement of the overarching goal: the containment of communism in Vietnam. As an example, the Watergate Scandal, when Nixon was spying on the White House for the prospects of being reelected, made it difficult for the US to manage its foreign policies. There were many strategic restrictions imposed, which essentially contributed to the failure. Prados also argues that if there had not been any of those limitations, the war would have ended with a much better outcome for the United States. Conclusion For the purposes of this paper, two authors have been consulted. They provide somewhat different explanations for the US failure in the Vietnam War, looking at the problem from different angles. At the same time, their arguments are in a way mutually complimentary, meaning that they clarify the situation better when put together rather than when considered in isolation. Hence, deciding which author’s arguments are right and which author’s arguments are wrong poses a perplexing conundrum not only to a student but also to a senior academic researcher. Jumping to such bold conclusions as asserting that one author’s arguments are fraught with fallacies demands an uncannily thorough discussion of the subject. At first sight, Schandler’s evidence may seem stronger, because it is fresher, as his book was published in 2009, whereas Prados’s work was published 14 years earlier. However, Prados’s evidence has withstood the test of time and is corrobora ted by a variety of new publications. Overall, both authors adduce strong evidence to buttress their arguments. Judging which author’s arguments are right or wrong by assumptions the authors make may also be misleading, as both authors back up these assumptions with supporting facts. Hence, it might be more useful to decide which of the two authors explains the reasons for the US fiasco better than the other rather than accusing any of them of making fallacious arguments and/or assumptions. Moreover, due to the fact that the authors’ arguments are in a way complimentary, it may be difficult to consider these arguments in isolation. It would be wise to show an example of the complementarity of the authors’ arguments in this context. Thus, with the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, both North and South Vietnam untied and espoused communism as the state ideology. The US government lost an incredible amount of money and, more importantly, its leading position on the international arena. While they adduce different arguments, both Prados and Schandler agree that the core reason of America losing the war was because of the unprepared strategy. Improvisation in such a matter worsened the situation drastically, which cost the lives of 58,220 Americans who were blindly fighting for free-of-communism Asia. However, while the two authors agree that deficient strategy was the main culprit behind the US fiasco in Vietnam, they interpret the meaning of a â€Å"deficient strategy† differently. Thus, Schandler argues that the American strategy in Vietnam was inadequate because it lacked strong countermeasures to the Vietnamese guerilla movement, which ultimately spelled disaster for the US. Indeed, because fighting guerillas demands a very strategy, the US inability to develop one was, perhaps, the greatest mistake.

List of Good Argument Topics For Essay

<h1>List of Good Argument Topics For Essay</h1><p>There are an assortment of things that can be utilized to compose a decent contention for an article. Regardless of whether you are composing for school or for a school or expert occupation, it is essential to have a point that can be effortlessly utilized in a decent and convincing way. Articles are not just about expressing realities and learning data. They are tied in with sharing your musings and thoughts and convincing others with them.</p><p></p><p>As you are gathering a rundown of good contention subjects for an exposition, you should consider what sort of article point will be best. You likewise need to consider the degree of aptitude that your crowd can comprehend. The following are a couple of interesting points when searching for article themes that can be utilized to persuade your crowd and present a decent defense for your beliefs.</p><p></p><p>Think about the sort of crowd that you are composing for. You should consider the capacities of those that are perusing your article just as those that are introducing it. On the off chance that you are composing for undergrads, at that point you will need to utilize an article theme that is straightforward and the greater part of all, identifies with recent developments. It ought to identify with recent developments in a manner that is anything but difficult to peruse and comprehend. While this isn't generally conceivable, it is as yet supportive to have a simple subject that can be effortlessly comprehended by individuals of all ages.</p><p></p><p>Next, you should investigate the trouble of a specific piece of the paper. For instance, in the event that you are composing for an English course, you might need to pick an article point that is basic and simple to peruse. In the event that you are composing for proficient use, at that point you might need to choose a paper subject that is all the more testing. You ought to never go with the simpler choice, since individuals don't generally value being told in an exposition how troublesome they are. Rather, attempt to fuse some trouble into the paper with the goal that individuals can see their own achievements and disappointments. On the off chance that you are composing a paper that will be utilized for a crowd of people that is increasingly complex, at that point you ought to pick an article subject that is troublesome. This will help individuals to acknowledge how unique they are and to see themselves in a decent light. The contrary will be valid in the event that you are composing for a school class or in any event, for a school temporary job. Attempt to compose expositions that are not very troublesome, on the grounds that it will enable the understudies to see that they are important and that there is a whole other world to them than their skills.</p><p></p><p>Lastly, you ought to consider the crowd that you are composing for. You will need to ensure that you give data that identifies with the sort of crowd that you are composing for. Additionally, you should attempt to hold your paper to an unmistakable subject that is identified with the theme that you have decided for your essay.</p><p></p><p>Keep as a main priority that when you are ordering a rundown of incredible contention points for the exposition, it is ideal to consider both the kind of crowd and the degree of multifaceted nature that they can deal with. This will assist you with ensuring that you are placing your most true thoughts into an exposition that will be of an incentive to other people. It will likewise assist you with figuring out which exposition theme that you can viably use to compose a powerful paper that can be utilized in a wide range of contexts.</p><p></p><p>When you are searching for a decent article subject, you might be overpowered by the quantity of points that you can utilize. It is critical to consider a portion of the variables above to guarantee that you are utilizing the best article theme for your crowd. This will permit you to have a considerably more effective paper that will be utilized for various kinds of occasions.</p>

Using Toefl Essay Samples PDF

Utilizing Toefl Essay Samples PDFToefl exposition tests PDF is perhaps the best alternative you can decide to help you recorded as a hard copy your proposal. It is advantageous and simple to use.Toefl article tests PDF furnishes you with the advantages and accommodation you need while composing a postulation. It likewise encourages you discover more data about different subjects just as find watchwords without any problem. There are numerous procedures and systems you can apply while composing your thesis.It is an absolute necessity that you generally attempt to locate the best methodologies for composing your theory. It will assist you with understanding the words utilized in your proposal. It will likewise assist you with investigating your subject completely and discover the viable method to communicate the thoughts you need to pass on in your theory. Toefl article tests PDF is an astounding instrument to assist you with completing your examination work effectively.If you wish to compose a proposal on anything in the PC, at that point, you should download pdf to utilize it. This instrument will help you effectively compose your proposal on different subjects. Toefl exposition tests PDF is one of the simplest method to compose a proposition since it offers simple to understand data and the highlights on this product can be downloaded. It is useful to peruse and learn while composing the thesis.It is the straightforward procedure of discovering more data and apparatuses regarding a matter and utilizing it to compose a theory. So, utilizing toefl article tests PDF, you can undoubtedly make your exploration work increasingly compelling. It is anything but difficult to peruse and utilize. You simply need to choose the subject you need to compose and top off the structure with all the required information.Using this instrument, you can get the right pursuit words to utilize while composing your postulation. You can likewise utilize watchwords to feature and select the best catchphrases from the sample.Toefl paper tests PDF has such subtleties and data that can assist you with composing a theory absent a lot of difficulty. It gives the offices and tips to assist you with composing your postulation. Along these lines, you can make your examination work increasingly successful by utilizing this product.

Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker

An entertaining and theatrical speaker, John G. Diefenbaker was a Canadian populist who combined conservative politics with social justice issues. Of neither French nor English ancestry, Diefenbaker worked hard to include Canadians of other ethnic backgrounds. Diefenbaker gave western Canada a high profile, but Quebecers considered him unsympathetic. John Diefenbaker had mixed success on the international front. He championed international human rights, but his confused defense policy and economic nationalism caused tension with the United States. Birth and Death Born on Sept. 18, 1895, in Neustadt, Ontario, to parents of German and Scottish descent, John George Diefenbaker moved with his family to Fort Carlton, Northwest Territories, in 1903 and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in 1910. He died on Aug. 16, 1979, in Ottawa, Ontario. Education Diefenbaker received a bachelors degree from the University of Saskatchewan in 1915 and a masters in political science and economics in 1916. After a brief enlistment in the army, Diefenbaker then returned to the University of Saskatchewan to study law, graduating with an LL.B. in 1919.   Professional Career After receiving his law degree, Diefenbaker set up a law practice in Wakaw, near Prince Albert. He worked as a defense attorney for 20 years. Among other accomplishments, he defended 18 men from the death penalty. Political Party and  Ridings (Electoral Districts) Diefenbaker was a member of the Progressive Conservative party. He served  Lake Centre from 1940 to 1953 and  Prince Albert from 1953 to 1979. Highlights as Prime Minister Diefenbaker was Canadas 13th prime minister, from 1957 to 1963. His term followed many years of Liberal Party control of the government. Among other accomplishments, Diefenbaker  appointed Canadas first female federal Cabinet minister, Ellen Fairclough, in 1957. He prioritized extending the definition of Canadian to include not only those of French and English ancestry.  Under his prime ministership, Canadas aboriginal peoples were allowed to vote federally for the first time, and the first native person was appointed to the Senate. He also found a market in China for prairie wheat, created the National Productivity Council in 1963, expanded old-age pensions, and introduced simultaneous translation in the House of Commons. Political Career of John Diefenbaker John Diefenbaker was elected leader of the Saskatchewan Conservative Party in 1936, but the party did not win any seats in the 1938 provincial election. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1940. Later,  Diefenbaker was elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1956, and he served as leader of the Opposition from 1956 to 1957. In 1957, the Conservatives won a minority government in the 1957 general election, defeating Louis St. Laurent and the Liberals. Diefenbaker was sworn in as prime minister of Canada in 1957. In the 1958 general election, the Conservatives won a majority government. However, the Conservatives were back to a minority government in the 1962 general election. The Conservatives lost the 1963 election and Diefenbaker became the leader of the opposition. Lester Pearson became prime minister. Diefenbaker was replaced as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada by Robert Stanfield in 1967. Diefenbaker remained a member of Parliament until three months before his death in 1979.

Exam Essay Topics - The Last Lecture Essay Topics That Are Popular

Exam Essay Topics - The Last Lecture Essay Topics That Are PopularIf you have been thinking about writing a final exam essay, you may be curious about the types of topics that are popular in the world of exam writing. These are not just the types of topics that you will see on any traditional exam, but they are also those that can really help you to create an essay that is professional and that contains some sort of critical thought.To begin with, it is important that you understand the significance of writing a final examination. In most cases, the reason that students are working on their assignments is to ensure that they pass. For this reason, it is essential that they write an essay that is both well-written and engaging.The reason that you want to be sure that you choose subjects that are interesting is because this will help to keep your attention and it will also give you more freedom to explore the subject matter in a more casual manner. This is important because it will all ow you to come up with ideas and concepts that are more creative and that will bring about a different angle on the subject matter. For example, a topic that involves political or social issues is very interesting and it will likely involve a lot of innovative thought.Other types of topics that you can use in the examination include seminars, scientific topics, and even particular types of topics such as literature, religion, or history. These types of topics will not necessarily be exactly what is taught in the course, but they will be topics that have become famous throughout the years. This is especially important because of the way that most exam papers are written for the sake of making the professor happy.This is a big opportunity for you to try and create an essay that is original and that does not use a lot of textbook information. Exam questions are usually much simpler than those used in college courses, and these usually require the student to give short answers rather th an long ones. You do not need to worry about being able to come up with a very well-written paper when it comes to writing a final exam essay, but you will need to be able to come up with a good essay if you want to earn a grade.Another benefit to writing a final exam is that you can use your knowledge and skills to put together an original argument. The ability to come up with an argument in a short amount of time will be an advantage for the student, because this means that he or she can go back and revise the essay and make changes so that it is easier to write. The ability to come up with original and new ideas for the final exam is often an advantage for the student who will want to write a paper that can be copied and re-used in future classes.One of the biggest problems that students face when they are trying to write a final examination is that they are overwhelmed by the sheer amount of material that they will need to cover. They are often too eager to complete the assignme nt and feel that it is just too much to tackle. You should take the time to make sure that you can finish the assignment properly and so that you will be able to put together a well-written essay that provides the best answer possible.In order to learn more about the best formats for writing lecture essays, check out some of the resources available online today. Remember that when you are trying to write a test that is challenging, you need to be creative and to use a variety of formats in order to allow yourself to come up with an essay that is up to your standards.

Animal Testing in the United States Essay - 1773 Words

Millions of animals die each year in the United States due to animal testing. Animals are used in laboratories to test chemicals in products and also used in research for the study of diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Unfortunately, these animals suffer tremendously while being experimented on and afterwards they are commonly put to death. The government has established legislation which gives certain guidelines for animal in laboratories, but it does not apply to every animal. The government even requires certain animal experimentation on specific products such as pesticides. There is also much dispute on whether or not animal testing is actually reliable in research for human products and diseases. The issue of animal testing†¦show more content†¦The second type of product test is the LD-50 test. This stands for â€Å"lethal dose† and it means the amount of a substance that will kill 50% of a test group when ingested, inhaled, or exposed by the test subjects. The LD-50 measures the acute toxicity of a chemical, which is the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects soon after it has been exposed to the subject. Most often this test is performed on mice or rats and it is usually applied to the skin or given orally to the animals, although it may also be injected into blood veins, muscles, or the abdominal cavity. A benefit of this test is that its results can be compared among many different chemicals for testing acute toxicity. The results of this test tell researchers how much of a chemical per kilogram of weight of the animal will cause death in half a test group. If the toxicity of a chemical shows similar results among many different types of animals, then it is assumed that the chemical will have the same effect on humans. Effects of this test: animals have been observed to have convulsions, discharge, diarrhea, and bleeding from the mouth and eyes. Any animal that does not die during the test is killed at the end of the experiment. Popular US companies that test products on animals: Arm and Hammer Bic Corporation Colgate-Palmolive Johnson and Johnson Kimberly-Clark Proctor andShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Proposal Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of animals are being unneedlessly tested on for cosmetics, even though there are plenty of alternatives available and most of the results are unreliable or not applicable to humans. Although the fight against animal testing has made huge progress recently, America has yet to stop this cruel practice and chooses to torture animals while other countries are making a stop to the testing (â€Å"Animal Testing 101†). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are lockedRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned864 Words   |  4 Pages Animal testing or animal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in experiments. (Merriam) We as humans have been using animals to test products that the reaction is unknown. Even though we might benefit from this testing, the benefit does not justify how we treat animals. Scientist such as, Claude Bernard, known as the father of physiology, have said that â€Å"experiments on animals are entirely conclusive for the toxicology and hygiene of man. 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There are many different reasons why animals are used for research. Animals are used to test the products used in cosmetics, for biomedical research, for military defense and food production. Many people includingRead MoreAnimal Testing And The Cosmetic Industry994 Words   |  4 Pages Synthesis paper In this paper there are three main topics that are going to be covered. They are alternatives to animal testing, animal testing in cosmetics, and the news in the cosmetic industry related to animal testing. For this paper there were four sources that were evaluated. All of them had a few things in common and through that it was easy to link them together through three different subtopics that will be evaluated later in this paper. The first source that I will be using is â€Å"The ScienceRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal1189 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion animals worldwide are used in laboratory experiments each year† (About Animal Testing). Animal testing has been used since the BC years, and it is used to understand and compare how things might affect the human body. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company released a drug that was poisonous to humans unknowingly. It ended up poisoning many people, and resulted in several deaths. After this incident, experiments on animals became more important in the medical world (Hajar, Rachel). Animal testingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Experiments1619 Words   |  7 PagesYou can’t even decide when the lights go on and off. (Cruelty to Animals in Laboratories.)† This is the horrifying reality that animals used in animal experiments have to face. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. Animals help scientists learn more about diseases that occur in humans and animals. Scientists also use animals to test new treatments, medicines, surgical techniques, and more. Different animals can be used for these experiments and the experiments can sometimesRead MoreAnimal Testing: What if You Were in Their Place? Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesEvery year about 241,000 rabbits are tortured in United States laboratories to test for the effects that household products, such as cosmetics, dishwashing liquid, and drain cleaner will have on their eyes (Rabbits in Laboratori es | PETA.org. 1). Scientists will drip chemicals into the eyes of the animal to see how much irritation it will cause, a process known as the Draize eye irritancy test (Rabbits in Laboratories | PETA.org. 1). The test is certainly not pain free; it often causes distressRead MoreEssay on The Unlucky Animals Used for Testing1322 Words   |  6 Pagesnot all animals are as lucky as many household pets. Millions of animals are killed, poisoned, and abused from animal testing each year in the Unites States. Just last year the European Union banned the sale of any cosmetic ingredients that have been tested on animals. Also joining the fight against animal testing in cosmetics is Israel and India. These countries have banned all testing on animals for cosmetic purposes. China, not far behind, has just approved their first non-animal test for

Australian Fresh Fruit-Mangoes Market Research in Indonesia

Question: Write market research report for Australian fresh fruit market particularly mangoes, in Indonesia. Answer: Introduction This consist of a market research report for Australian fresh fruit market particularly mangoes, in Indonesia, one of East Asian states. In this regard, the report will highlight the socio-economic and political situation in the country, which would affect the viability of the business the existing competition for the same product, and then lastly provide recommendations on product pricing strategy, distribution, and promotional measures for mangoes. Economic Situation According to the available data, Indonesias Gross Domestic Product was $ 890 billion in the year 2014. The countrys currency is the Rupiah, which is, pegged to different other monetary currencies. Its exports in the same year the exports were $ 176 billion while the imports totalled up to $ 178 billion dollars. The largest exports include palm oil and thermal coal (McClanahan 2013). This means that the country relies heavily on the export market as well as on imports. In 2015, the Indonesian economy contracted due to falling demand for exports, despite the government expenditure to stimulate the economy. However, the Indonesian government has strengthened its public investments in order to help the country to get out of a persistent slow down in the economic growth in the year 2015. There is higher funding for infrastructure in different sectors of the economy including different policies aimed at stimulating private investors (Pierre 2010). In this case, there are lower interest rat es on borrowed loans currently. On the other hand, inflation will decelerate by around 2% according to the forecast (McClanahan 2013). The policies are intended to fix the problem of reducing demand for exports for their goods, relative to government expenditure. As indicated by Sara (2011), Indonesia is growing into a major foreign investment destination as there is increasing Foreign Direct Investment due to its huge population. Political Situation In the year 2014, the political stability index for Indonesia was at -1.23 relative to the maximum +2.25. This is because the country still faces challenges politically including too much bureaucracy and corruption in different government institutions and among the public. Since the fall of 1998 when the 30-year authoritarian rule of General Suharto collapsed, Indonesia has seen a positive political transformation (Denny 2008). There is now vibrant democracy, which growing stronger each day with policies from government and different sectors that parliamentary consensus agrees on. Extreme religious parties have over time risen and failed, giving way to secular but stronger nationalism among the Indonesians (Denny 2008). However, there is sometimes, the push for protectionism from some political parties despite the governments push for more open markets. This becomes an uncertainty for foreign investors. The widening gap between the poor and the rich is a major concern, as corruption is relatively rife in the region (Kaniz 2015). Even so, the country seems to accept its flaws and persists towards getting rid of these cases. Free media and higher electorate expectations from political leaders is changing the countrys political landscape positively. Social/Cultural environment Indonesia consists of a population of over 260 million people who are mainly Muslim. This population speaks more than 300 regional languages. This population includes urban elites and hunter-gatherer families living in the expansive rural areas. There is a growing middle class in Indonesia, that was expected to reach more than 150 million in 2014, and now that it is 2016, it is likely way beyond the figure (Kaniz 2015). These among the huge young population provide a huge market demand for products such as fresh fruits. In fact, according to Kaniz (2015), more than 50% of Indonesias population is below the age of 30 years and are very adaptive to novel technologies that can be used as promotional tools for goods and services. Competition Analysis The fresh fruit industry in Indonesia is very vibrant. The huge population provides a huge market for fresh fruits including mangoes. These are produced in the countrys Java region. It is the worlds seventh largest producer of mangoes (Courtney 2014). Australia on the other hand is worlds best producer of mangoes, as it is the countrys main fruit (Lara 2015). The Australia fruit quality is higher in all international markets (Lara 2015). The Indonesian government welcomes international fresh fruit investors, despite the existing companies in the country to allow competition. Some of the potential competitors in the mango industry in Indonesia include companies such as the Greenfarm Import and Export Trading Company, The Indofruits Company, and the Qingdao LSXY Import Export Company Limited among others (Courtney 2014). The following is competition analysis in the mango industry. Qingdao LSXY Import Export Company Limited This is a Chinese company that exports among other products, mango-related products into Indonesian market. China being the largest exporter f fresh fruits into Indonesia, gives this company has given this company good will and policy related advantage to operate, since it started its operations in 2003(Alibaba.com). The company has between 11 and 50 employees collectively on Chinese mainland and the Indonesian market. The company sell mangoes in both whole and frozen forms. More so, the mangoes are chipped into dices and slices, if not made into juice for sale. These are packed into sizes of 400g, 500g and/or 1000g (Alibaba.com). The company products including mangoes are branded as LSFOODS.The minimum purchases from the company are at US $100. The Indofruits Company The Indofruits Company also deals in mango sales. It deals with manufacturing, trading, distribution and wholesaling of horticultural products, including mangoes on Indonesia. The brand name that the company uses for its products is the Indo-fresh-fruits. The minimum order for fresh mangoes that an individual can make from the company in terms of price is at 10 kilograms, ranging between $ 10 and $1000 (Alibaba.com). The company has been in the Indonesian market for the last 1 year. Therefore, it has probably adjusted to the existing business environment in the Indonesian market. Greenfarm Import and Export Trading Company Greenfarm is a Philippine company based in Indonesia dealing in the export and import of among other goods, mangoes (Alibaba.com). The company has been in operation since the past 8 years in Indonesia. The mangoes sold consist of the tropical and subtropical type, green in colour and sold when fresh. The company has between 51-100 employees in total. The company makes total annual sales of the mangoes of US $ 1 million (Alibaba.com). Generally, the cost of freeze-dried mangoes in Indonesia as set by companies is around US $ 10-27 per kilogram (Alibaba.com). The fresh mango fruits on the other hand cost US $ 410-770 per tonne. Therefore, the Australian company must consider these prices as it prepares to enter into the market. Recommendations Based on the countrys market analysis including the prices set by competitors, it is ideal that the Australian company follows the following recommendations. Pricing Strategy Since it is clear that freeze dried mangoes in Indonesia sell at approximately US $ 10-27 per kilogram while the fresh mango fruits cost US $ 410-770 per tonne, it is necessary that the Australian company set a slightly lesser price, as a market entry strategy. Originating from the best mango-producing country, Australian companies need to set lower prices, as they have a continuous supply of the fruit that can sustain the consumer demand supply. The surplus production of mangoes in Australia should enable the Australian to be able to set lower prices that will attract initial customers for their mango-related products (Mangoes.net.au). For instance specifically, the company can lower the cost of dried mangoes from US $ 10-27 per kilogram to range between US $ 9-26 per kilogram while the fresh mango fruits cost can be lowered to between US $ 415-765 per tonne. This will help the company realize more sales due to preferential purchases by customers, attracted by both quality and price . Distribution Strategy In terms of distribution, the Australian company should choose have different product stores and a main warehouse in Indonesian major towns such as Jakarta, to be the main points collection of mangoes and products brought in from Australia, ready for distribution. The company can distribute mangoes to wholesalers and loyal retailers within the Indonesian markets by vehicles owned by the company, operating within different areas within the country. Promotion In order to promote the mango sales by the company entering into the market, the country will need a special brand name to popularize their product. This needs to be coupled up with a mix of communication vehicles, since the population is mixed up of a few urban elites, majority hunter-gatherer communities in the rural areas. Further, the middle class and the huge young population conversant with latest technologies require special mix of communication vehicles. Thus, the company will use broadcast vehicles such as television for those who can access this media. The increasing number of middle class and the elites in the cities and suburban regions can read utilize the print-vehicles such as newspapers, magazines and billboard posters. Lastly, there is need to use digital vehicles such as advertising the mango products on social media, accessible to the youths. This will help the company make high sales at its start. Conclusively, this report will help the Australian company come up with strategies to move into the Indonesian government. References Sara Schonhardt (26 December 2011). "As Indonesia Grows, Discontent Sets in Among Workers. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 December 2011. Kaniz Fatima (9 September 2015). "Textile workers protest for new minimum wage in Indonesia. BanglaApparel.com. Pierre van der (2010). "The sources of long-term economic growth in Indonesia, 18802008". Explorations in Economic History 47 (3): 294309. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2009.08.004. Denny Indrayana (2008) Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition, Kompas Book Publishing, Jakarta ISBN 978-979-709-394-5 Courtney McCaffrey (November 27, 2014). "20 Reasons Why Indonesian Food is the Best in the World". Flight Network Foodie. McClanahan, Paige (11 September 2013). "Can Indonesia increase palm oil output without destroying its forest? Environmentalists doubt the world's biggest palm oil producer can implement ambitious plans without damaging woodland. The Guardian. Lara Webster (2 Oct 2015). Australian mango production forecast down on last year. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-02/australian-mango-harvest-forecast/6818594 Retrieved 2016-5-21.